1. Ownership: The board connects its authority and accountability to those who morally if not legally own the organization-if such a class exists beyond the board itself-seeing its task as servant-leader to and for that group. "Owners," as used in the Policy Governance® model, are not all stakeholders, but only those who stand in a position corresponding to shareholders in an equity corporation.
   
   
2. Governance Position: With the ownership above it and operational matters below it, governance forms a distinct link in the chain of command or moral authority. Its role is commander, not advisor. It exists to exercise that authority and properly empower others rather than to be management's consultant, ornament, or adversary. The board-not the staff-bears full and direct responsibility for the process and products of governance, just as it bears accountability for any authority and performance expectations delegated to others.
   
   
3. Board Holism: The board makes authoritative decisions directed toward management and toward itself, its individual members, and committees only as a total group. That is, the board's authority is a group authority rather than a summation of individual authorities.
   
   
4. Ends Policies: The board defines in writing the (a) results, changes, or benefits that should come about for specified (b) recipients, beneficiaries, or otherwise defined impacted groups, and (c) at what cost or relative priority for the various benefits or various beneficiaries. These are not all the possible "side benefits" that may occur, but those that form the purpose of the organization, the achievement of which constitutes organizational success. Policy documents containing solely these decisions are categorized as "Ends" in describing the Policy Governance® model, but can be called by whatever name a board chooses, as long as the concept is strictly preserved.
   
   
5. Board Means Policies: The board defines in writing those behaviors, values-added, practices, disciplines, and conduct of the board itself and of the board's delegation/accountability relationship with its own subcomponents and with the executive part of the organization. Because these are non-ends decisions, they are called "board means" to distinguish them from ends and staff means. In describing the Policy Governance® model, documents containing solely these decisions are categorized as Governance Process and Board-Management Delegation, but can be called by whatever name a board chooses, as long as the concept is strictly preserved.
   
   
6. Executive Limitations Policies: The board makes decisions with respect to its staff's means decisions and actions only in a proscriptive way in order simultaneously (a) to avoid prescribing means and (b) to put off limits those means that would be unacceptable even if they work. Policy documents containing solely these decisions are categorized as "Executive Limitations" in describing the Policy Governance® model, but can be called by whatever name a board chooses, as long as the concept is strictly preserved.
   
   
7. Policy "Sizes": The board's decisions in Ends, Governance Process, Board-Management Delegation, and Executive Limitations are made beginning at the broadest, most inclusive level and, if necessary, continuing into more detailed levels that narrow the interpretive range of higher levels, one articulated level at a time. These documents-which replace or obviate board expressions of mission, vision, philosophy, values, strategy, and budget-are called policies in describing the Policy Governance® model, but can be called by whatever name a board chooses, as long as the concept is strictly preserved.
   
   
8. Delegation to Management: If the board chooses to delegate to management through a chief executive officer, it honors the exclusive authority/accountability of that role as the sole connector between governance and management.
   
   
9. Any Reasonable Interpretation: In delegating further decisions-beyond the ones recorded in board policies-the board grants the delegatee the right to use any reasonable interpretation of those policies. In the case of Ends and Executive Limitations when a CEO exists, that delegatee is the CEO. In the case of Governance Process and Board-Management Delegation, that delegatee is the CGO (chief governance officer) except when the board has explicitly designated another board member or board committee.
   
   
10. Monitoring: The board monitors organizational performance through fair but systematic assessment of whether a reasonable interpretation of its Ends policies is being achieved and a reasonable interpretation of its Executive Limitations policies is being avoided. If there is a CEO, this constitutes the CEO's evaluation.

All other practices, documents, and disciplines must be consistent with the above principles. For example, if an outside authority demands board actions inconsistent with Policy Governance®, the board creatively uses the consent agenda or other device to be lawful without compromising governance.

Policy Governance® is a precision system that promises excellence in governance only if used with precision. These governance principles form a seamless paradigm or model. As with a clock, removing one wheel may not spoil its looks but will seriously damage its ability to tell time. So in Policy Governance®, all the above pieces must be in place for Policy Governance® to be effective. When all brought into play, they allow for a governing board to realize owner accountability. When they are not used completely, true owner accountability is not available.